This thesis examines the emergence of the civil servant as a literary figure in European literature and traces its development within the Italian literary tradition. Against the backdrop of the growing prominence of civil servants in nineteenth-century society and their increasing presence in the literature of the period, this study reconstructs the genealogy of this figure, identifying models, continuities and transformations across different literary genres and national traditions. The analysis situates these representations within the political and administrative changes that took place in France and Italy from approximately 1830 to 1900, both of whose administrative structures were profoundly shaped by the Napoleonic model. Honoré de Balzac, through both the novel and the genre of the physiologie, established the twofold tradition of realistic and parodic representations of the nineteenth-century civil servant. The figure recurs throughout much of Nikolai Gogol’s work and assumes a central role in Bednye ljudi, the novel that marked Fyodor Dostoevsky’s literary debut. In Italy, the civil servant first emerged in the pages of the satirical press as a literary type or caricature, often drawing on the Balzacian model of the physiologie. With Vittorio Bersezio, the figure entered comic theatre as a protagonist reflecting the complex realities of post-Unification Italy, where the duties and discipline imposed upon the civil servant were compounded by the material difficulties of everyday life. Bersezio’s legacy was to have a remarkably long afterlife in Italian comic representation, from the early twentieth-century work of Luigi Arnaldo Vassallo to more recent cinema. The female civil servant marks the emergence of a new, markedly realistic paradigm in the work of Matilde Serao. Telegrafi dello Stato offers a collective portrayal of the working and living conditions of the first women admitted to public employment in Italy. The figure of the female telegraph operator reappears in the work of Nyta Jasmar (Clotilde Scanabissi), where it takes on a more individual and autobiographical dimension. Finally, with Emilio De Marchi, the representation of the civil servant expands to encompass the complexity of family and social relationships, as well as the aspirations, frustrations and precarious circumstances of the urban lower middle class at the end of the nineteenth century. Alongside major works, this thesis examines a number of texts that are now rare or forgotten, thereby contributing to a reconstruction of the circulation and persistence of the civil servant as a literary figure in the nineteenth-century imagination. The study takes the threshold of the modernist novel as its endpoint, focusing on the nineteenth-century genealogy of this figure and its transformations across different genres.
La tesi si propone di indagare la nascita della figura dell’impiegato dello Stato nella letteratura europea e il suo sviluppo nella tradizione italiana. A fronte della progressiva centralità assunta dall’impiegato pubblico nella società ottocentesca e della frequenza con cui esso compare nella produzione letteraria del secolo, il lavoro intende ricostruirne la genealogia, individuando modelli, persistenze e trasformazioni attraverso generi e tradizioni differenti. L’analisi si sviluppa pertanto attraverso la contestualizzazione delle trasformazioni politiche e amministrative che interessarono soprattutto la Francia e l’Italia tra il 1830 e il 1900 circa, le cui amministrazioni furono fortemente influenzate dal modello napoleonico. Se Honoré de Balzac inaugura, attraverso il romanzo e il genere della physiologie, il duplice filone della rappresentazione realistica e parodica dell’impiegato ottocentesco, tale figura attraversa quasi tutta la produzione di Nikolaj Gogol’ e assume un ruolo centrale nel romanzo Povera gente, che segna l’esordio narrativo di Fëdor Dostoevskij. In Italia il tipo dell’impiegato fa la sua comparsa inizialmente nelle pagine dei giornali satirici, in forma di tipo o macchietta, spesso riprendendo il modello balzachiano della fisiologia. Con Vittorio Bersezio tale figura approda al teatro comico come protagonista della complessa realtà postunitaria, nella quale ai doveri e alla disciplina imposti all’impiegato dello Stato si affiancano le difficoltà materiali della vita quotidiana. L’eredità di Bersezio è destinata ad avere una lunghissima fortuna nella rappresentazione comica italiana, da quella primo-novecentesca di Luigi Arnaldo Vassallo fino alla cinematografia più recente. Un nuovo paradigma, non più comico ma fortemente realistico, segna invece l’esordio della figura femminile dell’impiegata nell’opera di Matilde Serao. Telegrafi dello Stato costruisce infatti un racconto corale delle condizioni di lavoro e di vita delle prime donne ammesse all’impiego pubblico in Italia. Il ruolo della telegrafista torna nell’opera di Nyta Jasmar (Clotilde Scanabissi), assumendo una dimensione più individuale e autobiografica. Con Emilio De Marchi, infine, la rappresentazione dell’impiegato si estende alla complessità dei rapporti familiari e sociali, indagando aspirazioni, frustrazioni e precarietà della piccola borghesia urbana di fine Ottocento. Accanto alle opere maggiori, sono presi in esame anche alcuni scritti oggi rari o dimenticati, che contribuiscono a ricostruire la diffusione e la persistenza di questa figura nell’immaginario ottocentesco. L’indagine assume come proprio limite la soglia del romanzo modernista, privilegiando la ricostruzione della genealogia ottocentesca della figura dell’impiegato e delle sue trasformazioni attraverso generi letterari differenti.
Impiegati dello Stato. Nascita di una figura letteraria fra tradizione europea e Ottocento italiano
FIERRO, MARIA CARMELA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the emergence of the civil servant as a literary figure in European literature and traces its development within the Italian literary tradition. Against the backdrop of the growing prominence of civil servants in nineteenth-century society and their increasing presence in the literature of the period, this study reconstructs the genealogy of this figure, identifying models, continuities and transformations across different literary genres and national traditions. The analysis situates these representations within the political and administrative changes that took place in France and Italy from approximately 1830 to 1900, both of whose administrative structures were profoundly shaped by the Napoleonic model. Honoré de Balzac, through both the novel and the genre of the physiologie, established the twofold tradition of realistic and parodic representations of the nineteenth-century civil servant. The figure recurs throughout much of Nikolai Gogol’s work and assumes a central role in Bednye ljudi, the novel that marked Fyodor Dostoevsky’s literary debut. In Italy, the civil servant first emerged in the pages of the satirical press as a literary type or caricature, often drawing on the Balzacian model of the physiologie. With Vittorio Bersezio, the figure entered comic theatre as a protagonist reflecting the complex realities of post-Unification Italy, where the duties and discipline imposed upon the civil servant were compounded by the material difficulties of everyday life. Bersezio’s legacy was to have a remarkably long afterlife in Italian comic representation, from the early twentieth-century work of Luigi Arnaldo Vassallo to more recent cinema. The female civil servant marks the emergence of a new, markedly realistic paradigm in the work of Matilde Serao. Telegrafi dello Stato offers a collective portrayal of the working and living conditions of the first women admitted to public employment in Italy. The figure of the female telegraph operator reappears in the work of Nyta Jasmar (Clotilde Scanabissi), where it takes on a more individual and autobiographical dimension. Finally, with Emilio De Marchi, the representation of the civil servant expands to encompass the complexity of family and social relationships, as well as the aspirations, frustrations and precarious circumstances of the urban lower middle class at the end of the nineteenth century. Alongside major works, this thesis examines a number of texts that are now rare or forgotten, thereby contributing to a reconstruction of the circulation and persistence of the civil servant as a literary figure in the nineteenth-century imagination. The study takes the threshold of the modernist novel as its endpoint, focusing on the nineteenth-century genealogy of this figure and its transformations across different genres.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/31330