This study analyzes and compares *burnout* among language teachers who teach predominantly online and those who teach predominantly face-to-face, considering the three dimensions of the *Copenhagen Burnout Inventory* (CBI): *personal burnout, work-related burnout,* and *student-related burnout*. The study also explores how teachers describe their own experiences of exhaustion and occupational well-being, as well as the professional and contextual factors perceived as being associated with *burnout* in the two teaching contexts. A *mixed methods* approach was adopted, integrating quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 68 language teachers participated in the first phase of the study. For the purposes of comparison, 59 participants were considered, of whom 35 taught predominantly face-to-face and 24 predominantly online; the 9 teachers working in a mixed mode were excluded from the comparative analyses. The questionnaire included the Italian version of the CBI for teachers, consisting of 19 items, together with several open-ended questions concerning professional experience and conditions associated with fatigue. In a second phase, eight semi-structured interviews were also conducted, four with online teachers and four with face-to-face teachers. The CBI results show overall similar levels in the two groups: *personal burnout* displays virtually identical mean values, whereas face-to-face teachers report slightly higher values for *work-related burnout* and *student-related burnout*. The online group also shows greater internal variability, particularly in the personal and work-related dimensions. The comparison was conducted exclusively in descriptive terms and therefore does not allow the statistical significance of the observed differences to be established. The qualitative analysis highlights how workload and work organization, relationships with students, autonomy, opportunities for recovery, professional support, and conditions specific to the teaching mode may function, depending on the context, either as job demands or as job resources. The findings are interpreted in light of the *Job Demands-Resources Model* and suggest that *burnout* cannot be attributed solely to the distinction between online and face-to-face teaching. The composition of the two groups calls for particular interpretive caution, since teaching mode, professional context, type of contract, and learner population are partially overlapping. The study therefore has an exploratory and descriptive purpose and highlights the need to consider the interaction among different professional conditions in order to understand *burnout* among language teachers.
Il presente studio analizza e confronta il *burnout* nei docenti di lingue che insegnano prevalentemente online e in presenza, considerando le tre dimensioni del *Copenhagen Burnout Inventory* (CBI): *personal burnout, work-related burnout* e *student-related burnout*. La ricerca approfondisce inoltre il modo in cui i docenti descrivono la propria esperienza di esaurimento e benessere lavorativo e i fattori professionali e contestuali percepiti come associati al *burnout* nei due contesti di insegnamento. È stato adottato un approccio *mixed methods*, integrando dati quantitativi e qualitativi. Alla prima fase della ricerca hanno partecipato 68 docenti di lingue. Ai fini del confronto sono stati considerati 59 partecipanti, di cui 35 docenti che insegnavano prevalentemente in presenza e 24 prevalentemente online; i 9 docenti che lavoravano in modalità mista sono stati esclusi dalle analisi comparative. Il questionario comprendeva la versione italiana per docenti del CBI, composta da 19 item, e alcune domande aperte relative all’esperienza professionale e alle condizioni associate all’affaticamento. In una seconda fase sono state inoltre condotte otto interviste semi-strutturate, quattro con docenti online e quattro con docenti in presenza. I risultati del CBI mostrano livelli complessivamente simili nei due gruppi: il *personal burnout* presenta valori medi praticamente sovrapponibili, mentre nel *work-related burnout* e nello *student-related burnout* i docenti in presenza presentano valori leggermente superiori. Il gruppo online mostra inoltre una maggiore variabilità interna, soprattutto nelle dimensioni personale e lavorativa. Il confronto è stato effettuato esclusivamente in termini descrittivi e, pertanto, non consente di stabilire la significatività statistica delle differenze osservate. L’analisi qualitativa evidenzia come il carico e l’organizzazione del lavoro, la relazione con gli studenti, l’autonomia, le possibilità di recupero, il supporto professionale e le condizioni specifiche della modalità di insegnamento possano configurarsi, a seconda del contesto, come richieste o risorse lavorative. I risultati sono interpretati alla luce del *Job Demands-Resources Model* e suggeriscono che il *burnout* non possa essere attribuito unicamente alla distinzione tra insegnamento online e in presenza. La composizione dei due gruppi richiede infatti una particolare cautela interpretativa, poiché la modalità didattica, il contesto professionale, il tipo di contratto e i destinatari dell’insegnamento risultano parzialmente sovrapposti. Lo studio ha pertanto una finalità esplorativa e descrittiva e mette in evidenza la necessità di considerare l’interazione tra le diverse condizioni professionali per comprendere il *burnout* dei docenti di lingue.
Burnout y bienestar profesional en la enseñanza de lenguas: comparación entre docentes en línea y presenciales
PISTELLATO, LAURA
2025/2026
Abstract
This study analyzes and compares *burnout* among language teachers who teach predominantly online and those who teach predominantly face-to-face, considering the three dimensions of the *Copenhagen Burnout Inventory* (CBI): *personal burnout, work-related burnout,* and *student-related burnout*. The study also explores how teachers describe their own experiences of exhaustion and occupational well-being, as well as the professional and contextual factors perceived as being associated with *burnout* in the two teaching contexts. A *mixed methods* approach was adopted, integrating quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 68 language teachers participated in the first phase of the study. For the purposes of comparison, 59 participants were considered, of whom 35 taught predominantly face-to-face and 24 predominantly online; the 9 teachers working in a mixed mode were excluded from the comparative analyses. The questionnaire included the Italian version of the CBI for teachers, consisting of 19 items, together with several open-ended questions concerning professional experience and conditions associated with fatigue. In a second phase, eight semi-structured interviews were also conducted, four with online teachers and four with face-to-face teachers. The CBI results show overall similar levels in the two groups: *personal burnout* displays virtually identical mean values, whereas face-to-face teachers report slightly higher values for *work-related burnout* and *student-related burnout*. The online group also shows greater internal variability, particularly in the personal and work-related dimensions. The comparison was conducted exclusively in descriptive terms and therefore does not allow the statistical significance of the observed differences to be established. The qualitative analysis highlights how workload and work organization, relationships with students, autonomy, opportunities for recovery, professional support, and conditions specific to the teaching mode may function, depending on the context, either as job demands or as job resources. The findings are interpreted in light of the *Job Demands-Resources Model* and suggest that *burnout* cannot be attributed solely to the distinction between online and face-to-face teaching. The composition of the two groups calls for particular interpretive caution, since teaching mode, professional context, type of contract, and learner population are partially overlapping. The study therefore has an exploratory and descriptive purpose and highlights the need to consider the interaction among different professional conditions in order to understand *burnout* among language teachers.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/31444