This thesis examines the emergence of ecocentric approaches to the human–nature relationship and their increasing influence on legal thought and environmental governance. It first traces the intellectual development of ecocentrism, from Aldo Leopold’s land ethic and Arne Naess’s deep ecology to Christopher Stone’s proposal to recognize legal rights for nature. It then explores related legal concepts, including Earth stewardship, Earth trusteeship and Multispecies Justice, highlighting the shift from an anthropocentric understanding of nature towards approaches that recognise the intrinsic value and interests of non-human entities. The thesis subsequently examines ecofeminist perspectives and Indigenous contributions to ecocentric thought, focusing on alternative understandings of the relationship between humans and the natural world. These perspectives are analysed through the recognition of the Rights of Nature in the Ecuadorian Constitution and through landmark cases concerning the Whanganui River and Te Urewera in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The third chapter traces the evolution of international environmental law, from early international instruments to major milestones including the Stockholm Conference, the Rio Conference and the Paris Agreement, examining the extent to which international environmental governance has incorporated more ecocentric approaches. Finally, the thesis analyses recent developments through two case studies: the recognition of the Marañón River as a subject of rights in Peru and the He Whakaputanga Moana Declaration concerning whales. These cases illustrate emerging forms of legal recognition that challenge conventional anthropocentric frameworks and reconsider the relationship between human communities, ecosystems and other-than-human beings.
La presente tesi analizza l’emergere di approcci ecocentrici alla relazione tra esseri umani e natura e la loro crescente influenza sul pensiero giuridico e sulla governance ambientale. In primo luogo, ricostruisce lo sviluppo intellettuale dell’ecocentrismo, dall’etica della terra di Aldo Leopold e dalla deep ecology di Arne Naess fino alla proposta di Christopher Stone di riconoscere diritti giuridici alla natura. Vengono quindi esaminati concetti giuridici correlati, tra cui l’Earth Stewardship, l’Earth Trusteeship e la Multispecies Justice, evidenziando il passaggio da una concezione antropocentrica della natura verso approcci che ne riconoscono il valore intrinseco e gli interessi degli enti non umani. La tesi esamina successivamente le prospettive ecofemministe e i contributi indigeni al pensiero ecocentrico, concentrandosi su concezioni alternative della relazione tra esseri umani e mondo naturale. Tali prospettive vengono analizzate attraverso il riconoscimento dei diritti della natura nella Costituzione dell’Ecuador e attraverso alcuni casi emblematici riguardanti il fiume Whanganui e Te Urewera in Aotearoa/Nuova Zelanda. Il terzo capitolo ricostruisce l’evoluzione del diritto internazionale dell’ambiente, dai primi strumenti internazionali alle principali tappe, tra cui la Conferenza di Stoccolma, la Conferenza di Rio e l’Accordo di Parigi, esaminando in quale misura la governance ambientale internazionale abbia incorporato approcci maggiormente ecocentrici. Infine, la tesi analizza gli sviluppi più recenti attraverso due casi di studio: il riconoscimento del fiume Marañón come soggetto di diritti in Perù e la dichiarazione He Whakaputanga Moana relativa alle balene. Questi casi illustrano forme emergenti di riconoscimento giuridico che mettono in discussione i tradizionali paradigmi antropocentrici e riconsiderano la relazione tra comunità umane, ecosistemi ed esseri non umani.
From Anthropocentrism to Ecocentrism: Rights of Nature, Indigenous Perspectives and the Evolution of International Environemntal Law
BERGAMO, LAURA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the emergence of ecocentric approaches to the human–nature relationship and their increasing influence on legal thought and environmental governance. It first traces the intellectual development of ecocentrism, from Aldo Leopold’s land ethic and Arne Naess’s deep ecology to Christopher Stone’s proposal to recognize legal rights for nature. It then explores related legal concepts, including Earth stewardship, Earth trusteeship and Multispecies Justice, highlighting the shift from an anthropocentric understanding of nature towards approaches that recognise the intrinsic value and interests of non-human entities. The thesis subsequently examines ecofeminist perspectives and Indigenous contributions to ecocentric thought, focusing on alternative understandings of the relationship between humans and the natural world. These perspectives are analysed through the recognition of the Rights of Nature in the Ecuadorian Constitution and through landmark cases concerning the Whanganui River and Te Urewera in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The third chapter traces the evolution of international environmental law, from early international instruments to major milestones including the Stockholm Conference, the Rio Conference and the Paris Agreement, examining the extent to which international environmental governance has incorporated more ecocentric approaches. Finally, the thesis analyses recent developments through two case studies: the recognition of the Marañón River as a subject of rights in Peru and the He Whakaputanga Moana Declaration concerning whales. These cases illustrate emerging forms of legal recognition that challenge conventional anthropocentric frameworks and reconsider the relationship between human communities, ecosystems and other-than-human beings.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/31204