Sustainability reporting has progressively established itself as a central tool for overcoming the structural limitations of traditional financial reporting, yet the growing regulatory pressure, culminating at the European level in the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, does not by itself guarantee that ESG risk communication is genuinely transparent and free from distortion. The literature has extensively documented how firms may resort to greenwashing, decoupling, and greenhushing practices to strategically manage their corporate image, raising questions about the actual informational function of non-financial disclosure. This study investigates whether the quality of ESG risk disclosure responds systematically to a firm's actual risk profile, distinguishing between two conceptually distinct dimensions, on one hand the ex-post realized risk, measured through ESG controversies documented by external sources, and on the other hand, the ex-ante structural risk, measured through the level of unmanaged risk estimated by rating agencies. To this end, a risk disclosure quality index was constructed through manual content analysis of corporate annual reports along three theoretical dimensions applied to a sample of 57 European manufacturing firms belonging to the STOXX Europe 600, observed over the 2022-2024 period. The results, obtained through OLS regression models in both contemporaneous and dynamic specifications, show a near to total absence of a relationship between disclosure quality and either dimension of risk when measured within the same year. However, introducing a one-year lagged structure reveals a significant and robust effect of ESG controversies recorded in the previous year, of negative sign, firms involved in more severe controversies exhibit, in the following year, significantly lower risk disclosure quality, a pattern consistent with a defensive communicative contraction mechanism rather than with reparative transparency. Unmanaged structural risk, by contrast, never emerges as a significant driver of disclosure quality, in any specification. These findings suggest that firms do not react to ESG risk as such but sharply distinguish between risks that have already become public and vulnerabilities that remain latent, offering relevant implications for sustainability teams, boards of directors, and external users of disclosure, including investors and regulators.
La rendicontazione di sostenibilità si è progressivamente affermata come strumento centrale per colmare i limiti strutturali dell'informativa finanziaria tradizionale, tuttavia la crescente pressione regolamentare, culminata a livello europeo nella Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, non garantisce di per sé che la comunicazione dei rischi ESG sia effettivamente trasparente e priva di distorsioni. La letteratura ha ampiamente documentato come le imprese possano ricorrere a pratiche di greenwashing, decoupling e greenhushing per gestire strategicamente la propria immagine, sollevando interrogativi sulla reale funzione informativa della disclosure non finanziaria. Il presente lavoro si propone di indagare se la qualità della comunicazione dei rischi ESG risponda in modo sistematico all'effettivo profilo di rischio dell'impresa, distinguendo tra due dimensioni concettualmente distinte, il rischio ex-post realizzato, misurato attraverso le controversie ESG documentate da fonti esterne, e il rischio ex-ante strutturale, misurato attraverso il livello di rischio non gestito stimato dalle agenzie di rating. A tal fine è stato costruito un indice di qualità della risk disclosure, ottenuto tramite content analysis manuale dei bilanci annuali lungo tre dimensioni teoriche, orientamento temporale, tono e livello di dettaglio, applicato a un campione di 57 imprese manifatturiere europee appartenenti allo STOXX Europe 600, osservate nel triennio 2022-2024. I risultati, ottenuti attraverso modelli di regressione OLS in specificazione sia contemporanea sia dinamica, mostrano un'assenza pressoché totale di relazione tra qualità della disclosure e le due dimensioni di rischio quando misurate nello stesso anno. Tuttavia, l'introduzione di una struttura a ritardo temporale rivela un effetto significativo e robusto delle controversie ESG registrate nell'anno precedente, di segno negativo, le imprese coinvolte in controversie più gravi mostrano, l'anno successivo, una qualità di disclosure dei rischi significativamente inferiore, un pattern coerente con un meccanismo di contrazione comunicativa difensiva piuttosto che con una trasparenza riparatoria. Il rischio strutturale non gestito, al contrario, non risulta mai un driver significativo della qualità della disclosure, in nessuna specificazione. Questi risultati suggeriscono che le imprese non reagiscono al rischio ESG in quanto tale, ma distinguono nettamente tra rischi già divenuti pubblici e vulnerabilità ancora latenti, offrendo implicazioni rilevanti per i team di sostenibilità, i consigli di amministrazione e gli utilizzatori esterni della disclosure, inclusi investitori e regolatori.
The quality of ESG risk disclosure and its relationship with corporate controversies and unmanaged risk: evidence from European manufacturing firms
BRESCACIN, SILVIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Sustainability reporting has progressively established itself as a central tool for overcoming the structural limitations of traditional financial reporting, yet the growing regulatory pressure, culminating at the European level in the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, does not by itself guarantee that ESG risk communication is genuinely transparent and free from distortion. The literature has extensively documented how firms may resort to greenwashing, decoupling, and greenhushing practices to strategically manage their corporate image, raising questions about the actual informational function of non-financial disclosure. This study investigates whether the quality of ESG risk disclosure responds systematically to a firm's actual risk profile, distinguishing between two conceptually distinct dimensions, on one hand the ex-post realized risk, measured through ESG controversies documented by external sources, and on the other hand, the ex-ante structural risk, measured through the level of unmanaged risk estimated by rating agencies. To this end, a risk disclosure quality index was constructed through manual content analysis of corporate annual reports along three theoretical dimensions applied to a sample of 57 European manufacturing firms belonging to the STOXX Europe 600, observed over the 2022-2024 period. The results, obtained through OLS regression models in both contemporaneous and dynamic specifications, show a near to total absence of a relationship between disclosure quality and either dimension of risk when measured within the same year. However, introducing a one-year lagged structure reveals a significant and robust effect of ESG controversies recorded in the previous year, of negative sign, firms involved in more severe controversies exhibit, in the following year, significantly lower risk disclosure quality, a pattern consistent with a defensive communicative contraction mechanism rather than with reparative transparency. Unmanaged structural risk, by contrast, never emerges as a significant driver of disclosure quality, in any specification. These findings suggest that firms do not react to ESG risk as such but sharply distinguish between risks that have already become public and vulnerabilities that remain latent, offering relevant implications for sustainability teams, boards of directors, and external users of disclosure, including investors and regulators.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Brescacin_Silvia_889681.pdf_A.pdf
non disponibili
Dimensione
2.06 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.06 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/31087