This thesis examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the process of economic and social transformation in the People's Republic of China, focusing on its implications for national development strategies, the labor market, and the evolution of digital platform enterprises. In a context characterized by the gradual exhaustion of the demographic dividend, population aging, and increasing international technological competition, the Chinese leadership has placed innovation at the center of its development strategy, promoting a transition toward a growth model based on high-quality development, productivity enhancement, and technological self-reliance. The study aims to understand how AI is employed as a tool for economic development and how it affects production organization, employment dynamics, and the operating models of digital enterprises. To achieve this objective, the research adopts an interdisciplinary approach that integrates political economy, innovation studies, labor studies, and platform economy research. The methodology combines the analysis of China's major national AI strategies, a review of the relevant academic literature, and a case study of Meituan, one of the country's leading digital platforms. Particular attention is devoted to labor market transformations, including the debate surrounding the potential “technological dividend” as a response to the decline of the demographic dividend, the issue of skills mismatch, and the emergence of new forms of employment generated by the platform economy. Through the analysis of Meituan’s business model, innovation strategies, and key financial indicators—namely R&D Intensity, Labor Intensity, and Capital Intensity—the thesis investigates the relationship between innovation, capital, and labor within China’s digital economy. The findings show that AI has become a fundamental component of China’s development strategy and that its impact cannot be interpreted solely in terms of labor substitution. The case of Meituan reveals the emergence of a model in which technology, capital, and labor are continuously reorganized and integrated. At the same time, the analysis of algorithmic labor highlights new forms of coordination and control that, while improving platform efficiency, raise important concerns regarding labor protection and the social sustainability of technological innovation. The thesis concludes that the effects of Artificial Intelligence depend not only on technological progress itself, but also on the ways in which such progress is governed, regulated, and integrated into economic and social processes.
La presente tesi analizza il ruolo dell’Intelligenza Artificiale (AI) nel processo di trasformazione economica e sociale della Repubblica Popolare Cinese, esaminandone le implicazioni per le strategie di sviluppo nazionale, il mercato del lavoro e l’evoluzione delle piattaforme digitali. In un contesto caratterizzato dal progressivo esaurimento del dividendo demografico, dall’invecchiamento della popolazione e dalla crescente competizione tecnologica internazionale, la leadership cinese ha attribuito all’innovazione un ruolo centrale nella transizione verso un modello di crescita fondato sulla qualità, sulla produttività e sull’autonomia tecnologica. L’obiettivo della ricerca è comprendere in che modo l’AI venga impiegata come strumento di sviluppo e quali effetti produca sull’organizzazione della produzione, sulle dinamiche occupazionali e sulle modalità di funzionamento delle imprese digitali. A tal fine, il lavoro adotta un approccio interdisciplinare che integra economia politica, studi sull’innovazione, analisi del lavoro ed economia delle piattaforme. La metodologia combina l’esame delle principali strategie nazionali cinesi in materia di Intelligenza Artificiale, l’analisi della letteratura accademica e uno studio di caso dedicato a Meituan, una delle più importanti piattaforme digitali del Paese. Particolare attenzione è rivolta alle trasformazioni del mercato del lavoro, al dibattito sul possibile “dividendo tecnologico” come risposta al declino del dividendo demografico, ai fenomeni di mismatch delle competenze e alle nuove forme di occupazione generate dall’economia delle piattaforme. Attraverso l’analisi del modello di business di Meituan, delle sue strategie di innovazione e di indicatori economico-finanziari quali R&D Intensity, Labor Intensity e Capital Intensity, la ricerca esamina il rapporto tra innovazione, capitale e lavoro nell’economia digitale cinese. I risultati evidenziano come l’AI costituisca uno strumento fondamentale della strategia di sviluppo cinese e come il suo impatto non possa essere interpretato esclusivamente in termini di sostituzione del lavoro umano. Il caso Meituan mostra infatti l’emergere di un modello nel quale tecnologia, capitale e lavoro vengono continuamente riorganizzati e integrati. Parallelamente, l’analisi del lavoro algoritmico mette in luce nuove forme di coordinamento e controllo che, pur aumentando l’efficienza delle piattaforme, sollevano questioni rilevanti in termini di tutela del lavoro e sostenibilità sociale dell’innovazione. La tesi conclude che gli effetti dell’Intelligenza Artificiale dipendono non solo dal progresso tecnologico, ma anche dalle modalità con cui tale progresso viene governato, regolato e integrato nei processi economici e sociali.
L’Algoritmo della Modernizzazione. Intelligenza Artificiale e trasformazione del lavoro nella Cina contemporanea: il caso Meituan
MARTINA, ALESSIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the process of economic and social transformation in the People's Republic of China, focusing on its implications for national development strategies, the labor market, and the evolution of digital platform enterprises. In a context characterized by the gradual exhaustion of the demographic dividend, population aging, and increasing international technological competition, the Chinese leadership has placed innovation at the center of its development strategy, promoting a transition toward a growth model based on high-quality development, productivity enhancement, and technological self-reliance. The study aims to understand how AI is employed as a tool for economic development and how it affects production organization, employment dynamics, and the operating models of digital enterprises. To achieve this objective, the research adopts an interdisciplinary approach that integrates political economy, innovation studies, labor studies, and platform economy research. The methodology combines the analysis of China's major national AI strategies, a review of the relevant academic literature, and a case study of Meituan, one of the country's leading digital platforms. Particular attention is devoted to labor market transformations, including the debate surrounding the potential “technological dividend” as a response to the decline of the demographic dividend, the issue of skills mismatch, and the emergence of new forms of employment generated by the platform economy. Through the analysis of Meituan’s business model, innovation strategies, and key financial indicators—namely R&D Intensity, Labor Intensity, and Capital Intensity—the thesis investigates the relationship between innovation, capital, and labor within China’s digital economy. The findings show that AI has become a fundamental component of China’s development strategy and that its impact cannot be interpreted solely in terms of labor substitution. The case of Meituan reveals the emergence of a model in which technology, capital, and labor are continuously reorganized and integrated. At the same time, the analysis of algorithmic labor highlights new forms of coordination and control that, while improving platform efficiency, raise important concerns regarding labor protection and the social sustainability of technological innovation. The thesis concludes that the effects of Artificial Intelligence depend not only on technological progress itself, but also on the ways in which such progress is governed, regulated, and integrated into economic and social processes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/29225