Telecom operators combine high capital intensity with weak profitability, making them vulnerable to financial distress. Telecom Italia (TIM) is an emblematic case: decades of leveraged deals and governance conflict left the group over-indebted and strategically constrained. In 2024 TIM carved out and sold its fixed-network business NetCo to a KKR-led consortium, using the proceeds to deleverage. This thesis asks how private-equity-led turnarounds create value in distressed incumbents and whether the KKR–TIM transaction reduced default risk and unlocked equity value. The study builds a literature-based framework on distress, turnaround and LBOs and applies a hybrid empirical approach. Quantitatively, it combines leverage and coverage ratios, default-prediction models, peer-group multiples, DCF (exit multiple and Gordon Growth) and a Monte Carlo simulation. Qualitatively, it examines governance conflicts, legal constraints and the role of the Italian state and EU institutions in shaping the deal. Results show that TIM displayed high but reversible distress mainly driven by leverage. The NetCo disposal materially reduces indebtedness and implied default probability. NetCo was acquired at a discount to digital-infrastructure benchmarks, while the remaining business line still trades below its peer-implied and DCF values. Overall, the case illustrates how PE-backed carve-outs can both transfer and create value by removing a conglomerate discount and supporting a more sustainable capital structure.
Il settore delle telecomunicazioni combina un’elevata intensità di capitale con livelli di redditività spesso modesti, rendendo gli operatori strutturalmente esposti a tensioni finanziarie. Telecom Italia (TIM) ne è l'esempio: anni di leva eccessiva e conflitti di governance l'hanno lasciata sovraindebitata. Nel 2024 TIM ha scorporato e venduto la rete fissa (NetCo) a un consorzio guidato da KKR, usando i proventi per ridurre il debito. La tesi analizza se i turn-around guidati dal private equity creino valore in aziende in crisi e se l'operazione KKR-TIM abbia ridotto il rischio default liberando valore per gli azionisti. Lo studio integra teoria (crisi, risanamento, LBO) e analisi empirica ibrida. La parte quantitativa usa indici di leva/copertura, modelli di default, multipli di settore, DCF e simulazione Monte Carlo; quella qualitativa esamina governance, vincoli regolamentari e ruolo pubblico. I risultati mostrano una crisi grave ma risolvibile, causata dall'eccesso di leva. La cessione di NetCo riduce significativamente debito e probabilità di default. NetCo risulta acquistata a sconto rispetto ai peer infrastrutturali, mentre il business residuo quota in borsa a un prezzo scontato sui multipli e valori DCF. Il caso dimostra come carve-out sostenuti da PE possano trasferire e creare valore, eliminando lo sconto da conglomerato e rafforzando la struttura finanziaria.
How do private equity-led turnarounds create value in distressed companies? Evidence from the KKR-TIM case study
CAMERAN, GIACOMO
2024/2025
Abstract
Telecom operators combine high capital intensity with weak profitability, making them vulnerable to financial distress. Telecom Italia (TIM) is an emblematic case: decades of leveraged deals and governance conflict left the group over-indebted and strategically constrained. In 2024 TIM carved out and sold its fixed-network business NetCo to a KKR-led consortium, using the proceeds to deleverage. This thesis asks how private-equity-led turnarounds create value in distressed incumbents and whether the KKR–TIM transaction reduced default risk and unlocked equity value. The study builds a literature-based framework on distress, turnaround and LBOs and applies a hybrid empirical approach. Quantitatively, it combines leverage and coverage ratios, default-prediction models, peer-group multiples, DCF (exit multiple and Gordon Growth) and a Monte Carlo simulation. Qualitatively, it examines governance conflicts, legal constraints and the role of the Italian state and EU institutions in shaping the deal. Results show that TIM displayed high but reversible distress mainly driven by leverage. The NetCo disposal materially reduces indebtedness and implied default probability. NetCo was acquired at a discount to digital-infrastructure benchmarks, while the remaining business line still trades below its peer-implied and DCF values. Overall, the case illustrates how PE-backed carve-outs can both transfer and create value by removing a conglomerate discount and supporting a more sustainable capital structure.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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888583_Tesi_Magistrale_Cameran.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/27908