Relationship between People and Shellfish (Oyster) Collection in Bulock and Tanbi Mangrove Catchment Areas of The Gambia: A Female local Knowledge System in a Priority Conservation Region

Abstract Women play a central role in oyster harvesting within The Gambia’s mangrove ecosystems, yet their local ecological knowledge and contribution to resource governance remain under-documented. This study examined women’s knowledge and practices of oyster harvesting, their livelihood dependence, and the governance frameworks shaping management in two sites: Tanbi Wetlands National Park and Foni Bullock. Specifically, the study aimed to (i) assess how ecological and traditional knowledge is acquired and transmitted; (ii) document harvesting practices and tools; (iii) analyse the contribution of oyster harvesting to household livelihoods and food security; and (iv) evaluate governance, regulation, and management practices. A mixed methods approach was employed, combining quantitative survey data from 60 respondents collected through our survey with thematic qualitative analysis supported by direct quotations. The data collected were supplemented with secondary sources including project reports, management plans, and relevant literature. Findings shows that knowledge of oyster harvesting is largely pass through intergenerationally, particularly from mothers to daughters, while training initiatives have begun to supplement traditional learning. Harvesting practices rely on simple tools such as axes, cutlasses, and knives, adapted to the tidal rhythms of the mangrove ecosystem. Oyster harvesting constitutes the primary livelihood activity for most women, providing both cash income and a critical source of household nutrition, though alternative livelihoods such as farming, petty trade, and fishing are pursued as coping strategies. Governance structures differ significantly: Tanbi benefits from an established co-management plan, while Foni Bulock is still in the process of developing one, supported by recent project interventions. The study concludes that women’s ecological knowledge and their central role in oyster harvesting are indispensable for both household food security and sustainable resource governance. Strengthening co-management institutions, diversifying livelihoods, and integrating women’s voices into policy processes are essential to enhance socio-ecological resilience in The Gambia.