This thesis proposes the recognition and valuing of sexual slavery within the legal analysis of genocide. The aim of the study is to demonstrate how sexual slavery can be classified not only as a crime against humanity or a war crime, but also as an instrument of genocide. This recognition is based on solid theoretical and material foundations. To this end, a critical analysis of the four pivotal cases of Akayesu, Foča, Bemba and Al-Jumailly is undertaken as a key to reinterpreting genocide through the lens of sexual slavery and to understanding the recent paradigm shift in international criminal law. The Akayesu case recognised sexual violence as genocide for the first time; Foča addressed sexual slavery as as a crime against humanity; Bemba is significant when considering the link between command respondibility and sexual violence; and Al-Jumailly was the first time sexual slavery was identified as integral part of genocide. The thesis also highlights existing gaps in the current legal framework concerning genocide and sexual slavery, and discusses the implications of the International Criminal Court’s 2024 New Policy on Slavery Crimes. Finally, it puts forward proposals and five original strategies to close these gaps and to provide courts, prosecutors, and investigators with more precise analytical tools, while reinterpreting the Akayesu, Foča and Bemba cases in light of sexual slavery as a genocidal tool.
Questa tesi si propone di riconoscere e valorizzare la schiavitù sessuale all’interno dell’analisi giuridica del genocidio. L’obiettivo è dimostrare come la schiavitù sessuale possa essere qualificata non solo come crimine contro l’umanità o crimine di guerra, ma anche come strumento genocidario, fondando tale riconoscimento su basi teoriche e materiali solide. A tal fine, viene condotta un’analisi critica di quattro casi chiave: Akayesu, Foča, Bemba e Al-Jumailly. Il caso Akayesu ha per la prima volta riconosciuto la violenza sessuale come atto di genocidio; Foča ha affrontato la schiavitù sessuale come crimine contro l’umanità; Bemba è rilevante per il legame tra responsabilità di comando e violenza sessuale; Al-Jumailly ha per la prima volta qualificato la schiavitù sessuale come strumento integrante di genocidio. La ricerca evidenzia inoltre le lacune dell’attuale quadro normativo e discute le implicazioni della New Policy on Slavery Crimes adottata dalla Corte Penale Internazionale nel 2024. Infine, vengono avanzate cinque proposte originali volte a colmare tali lacune e a fornire strumenti analitici più precisi a giudici, procuratori e investigatori, reinterpretando i casi Akayesu, Foča e Bemba alla luce della schiavitù sessuale come mezzo genocidario.
Recognising Sexual Slavery in the Legal Analysis of Genocide
CESTARO, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis proposes the recognition and valuing of sexual slavery within the legal analysis of genocide. The aim of the study is to demonstrate how sexual slavery can be classified not only as a crime against humanity or a war crime, but also as an instrument of genocide. This recognition is based on solid theoretical and material foundations. To this end, a critical analysis of the four pivotal cases of Akayesu, Foča, Bemba and Al-Jumailly is undertaken as a key to reinterpreting genocide through the lens of sexual slavery and to understanding the recent paradigm shift in international criminal law. The Akayesu case recognised sexual violence as genocide for the first time; Foča addressed sexual slavery as as a crime against humanity; Bemba is significant when considering the link between command respondibility and sexual violence; and Al-Jumailly was the first time sexual slavery was identified as integral part of genocide. The thesis also highlights existing gaps in the current legal framework concerning genocide and sexual slavery, and discusses the implications of the International Criminal Court’s 2024 New Policy on Slavery Crimes. Finally, it puts forward proposals and five original strategies to close these gaps and to provide courts, prosecutors, and investigators with more precise analytical tools, while reinterpreting the Akayesu, Foča and Bemba cases in light of sexual slavery as a genocidal tool.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi Cestaro PDFA.pdf
embargo fino al 23/10/2027
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1.31 MB | Adobe PDF |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/26342