This thesis investigates the rise and challenges of Account-to-Account (A2A) payments within the European context, with a particular focus on the Italian market. Building on regulatory, technological, and behavioral analyses, it explores how the evolution of open banking frameworks under PSD2 and the forthcoming PSD3 has opened the way for new payment methods that bypass card networks. Grounded in regulatory and institutional theory, the study examines both enablers and obstacles to A2A adoption, highlighting issues of consumer trust, API fragmentation, and the strategic role of third-party providers. The research begins with a theoretical overview of A2A payments, tracing their definition, models, and benefits, alongside structural challenges such as user habits and infrastructural heterogeneity. It then contextualizes the regulatory framework by analyzing PSD2, the role of the European Banking Authority, and the impact of Strong Customer Authentication requirements, showing how regulation has simultaneously fostered innovation and introduced new frictions. The technological dimension is examined through the enabling role of open banking APIs and the potential of blockchain, with emphasis on their capacity to transform payment infrastructure and accelerate instant transfer adoption. Moving from theory to practice, the thesis addresses the Italian case. Chapter 4 analyzes Trustly as a benchmark, illustrating the advantages of launching in digitally mature markets such as the Nordics and contrasting these with the limitations of the Italian environment, where fragmented APIs, complex SCA flows, and strong consumer reliance on cards hinder rapid adoption. It further identifies the structural conditions for entering the Italian market, underscoring the importance of merchant engagement, technical readiness, and local partnerships. Finally, Chapter 5 develops an empirical case study of Inespay’s expansion into Italy, examining its strategic decision to engage directly with Italian banks and regulators rather than bypassing infrastructural challenges. Unlike Trustly, Inespay has pursued a “hands-on” approach to fragmented APIs and user authentication, supported by DoubleP as a local partner. Early testing confirms both opportunities and obstacles: while some integrations run effectively, others reveal persistent UX and technical frictions. The chapter concludes with lessons learned, showing how persistence, regulatory dialogue, and localization efforts can position providers to capture emerging opportunities in Italy’s gradually transforming payments landscape. By bridging theoretical insights with empirical evidence, the thesis contributes to understanding how A2A payments evolve across diverse regulatory and infrastructural environments. It offers practical guidance for operators entering complex markets such as Italy, while providing broader reflections for policymakers, merchants, and financial institutions on the role of open banking in reshaping Europe’s payment ecosystem.
La presente tesi analizza lo sviluppo e le sfide dei pagamenti Account-to-Account (A2A) nel contesto europeo, con un focus specifico sul mercato italiano. Attraverso un approccio che integra prospettive normative, tecnologiche e comportamentali, viene mostrato come l’introduzione della PSD2 e l’imminente PSD3 abbiano aperto la strada a nuove modalità di pagamento in grado di ridurre la dipendenza dai circuiti tradizionali delle carte. L’indagine mette in luce i principali fattori abilitanti e i principali ostacoli all’adozione degli A2A, soffermandosi in particolare sulla fiducia dei consumatori, sulla frammentazione delle API bancarie e sul ruolo cruciale dei fornitori terzi. Nella prima parte viene offerta una panoramica teorica dei pagamenti A2A, con attenzione alla loro definizione, ai modelli applicativi e ai benefici, ma anche alle criticità legate alle abitudini di utilizzo e alle differenze infrastrutturali. L’analisi del quadro regolatorio affronta il contributo della PSD2, il ruolo dell’Autorità Bancaria Europea e le implicazioni dei requisiti di Strong Customer Authentication, evidenziando come la normativa abbia sì favorito l’innovazione, ma al tempo stesso introdotto nuove complessità. La dimensione tecnologica è approfondita considerando il ruolo delle API di open banking e il potenziale della blockchain, sottolineando come queste soluzioni possano trasformare l’infrastruttura dei pagamenti e favorire la diffusione dei bonifici istantanei. La seconda parte della ricerca si concentra sull’Italia. Il Capitolo 4 prende in esame Trustly come caso di riferimento, mettendo in evidenza i vantaggi di un’espansione in mercati digitalmente maturi come quelli nordici e confrontandoli con i limiti del contesto italiano, ancora segnato da API non standardizzate, percorsi SCA complessi e forte dipendenza dalle carte di pagamento. Vengono così individuate le condizioni necessarie per affrontare con successo il mercato, tra cui la fiducia dei merchant, la solidità tecnica e la collaborazione con partner locali. Il Capitolo 5 presenta infine il caso di Inespay e la sua espansione in Italia. Diversamente da Trustly, l’azienda ha scelto di confrontarsi direttamente con le banche italiane e con le autorità di vigilanza, adottando un approccio pragmatico alle difficoltà infrastrutturali. Supportata dal partner locale DoubleP, Inespay ha intrapreso un percorso che, attraverso i primi test, ha messo in evidenza sia opportunità sia criticità: alcune integrazioni hanno dato esito positivo, mentre altre hanno mostrato ancora ostacoli tecnici e di esperienza utente. Le riflessioni conclusive evidenziano come perseveranza, dialogo regolatorio e localizzazione mirata possano rappresentare le leve decisive per cogliere le opportunità di un mercato italiano in progressiva trasformazione. La tesi, collegando riflessioni teoriche ed evidenze empiriche, contribuisce a comprendere l’evoluzione dei pagamenti A2A in contesti normativi e infrastrutturali differenti. Fornisce indicazioni pratiche agli operatori che intendono entrare in mercati complessi come quello italiano e, al contempo, offre spunti di interesse per policy maker, merchant e istituzioni finanziarie sul ruolo dell’open banking nel ridefinire l’ecosistema dei pagamenti europeo.
Account-to-Account payments in Europe: regulation, challenges, and market entry in the Italian context
SORRENTINO, FEDERICA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis investigates the rise and challenges of Account-to-Account (A2A) payments within the European context, with a particular focus on the Italian market. Building on regulatory, technological, and behavioral analyses, it explores how the evolution of open banking frameworks under PSD2 and the forthcoming PSD3 has opened the way for new payment methods that bypass card networks. Grounded in regulatory and institutional theory, the study examines both enablers and obstacles to A2A adoption, highlighting issues of consumer trust, API fragmentation, and the strategic role of third-party providers. The research begins with a theoretical overview of A2A payments, tracing their definition, models, and benefits, alongside structural challenges such as user habits and infrastructural heterogeneity. It then contextualizes the regulatory framework by analyzing PSD2, the role of the European Banking Authority, and the impact of Strong Customer Authentication requirements, showing how regulation has simultaneously fostered innovation and introduced new frictions. The technological dimension is examined through the enabling role of open banking APIs and the potential of blockchain, with emphasis on their capacity to transform payment infrastructure and accelerate instant transfer adoption. Moving from theory to practice, the thesis addresses the Italian case. Chapter 4 analyzes Trustly as a benchmark, illustrating the advantages of launching in digitally mature markets such as the Nordics and contrasting these with the limitations of the Italian environment, where fragmented APIs, complex SCA flows, and strong consumer reliance on cards hinder rapid adoption. It further identifies the structural conditions for entering the Italian market, underscoring the importance of merchant engagement, technical readiness, and local partnerships. Finally, Chapter 5 develops an empirical case study of Inespay’s expansion into Italy, examining its strategic decision to engage directly with Italian banks and regulators rather than bypassing infrastructural challenges. Unlike Trustly, Inespay has pursued a “hands-on” approach to fragmented APIs and user authentication, supported by DoubleP as a local partner. Early testing confirms both opportunities and obstacles: while some integrations run effectively, others reveal persistent UX and technical frictions. The chapter concludes with lessons learned, showing how persistence, regulatory dialogue, and localization efforts can position providers to capture emerging opportunities in Italy’s gradually transforming payments landscape. By bridging theoretical insights with empirical evidence, the thesis contributes to understanding how A2A payments evolve across diverse regulatory and infrastructural environments. It offers practical guidance for operators entering complex markets such as Italy, while providing broader reflections for policymakers, merchants, and financial institutions on the role of open banking in reshaping Europe’s payment ecosystem.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/26311