The paper analyzes the Italian National Health Service (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale - SSN), with particular attention to its historical evolution, current organization, and the significant challenges affecting its operations. The first chapter recalls the emergence of the right to health, focusing on key milestones in the history of the SSN: from its establishment through Law 833/1978, to the reforms of the 1990s, and the challenges of the 21st century. The chapter explores in depth the fundamental principles, the structure and functioning at both central and regional levels, the role of local health authorities and hospital trusts, as well as the issues of funding and the economic sustainability of the SSN. The second chapter focuses on the main critical issues the system currently faces, following a sort of path that a citizen might experience firsthand. Specifically, it examines regional disparities, barriers to access to services and emergency departments, and the issues related to financial recovery plans and external commissioners. What kind of care experience can a patient expect when faced with an overcrowded emergency room? Or when healthcare personnel—whose numbers are steadily decreasing and who are increasingly migrating—are unable to provide sufficient services? The chapter encourages reflection on phenomena closely tied to our daily lives, including long waiting lists, the renunciation of care, and the limitations of healthcare digitalization, concluding with a brief mention of mental health. The third chapter aims to offer potential responses to the previously outlined issues, through tools and strategies designed to reshape the SSN. What does the law on differentiated autonomy entail, and what could be its potential consequences for the right to health? Has the use of freelance contract doctors (Medici Gettonisti) truly provided an effective temporary solution? The chapter also explores supplementary healthcare and the actual role of health insurance funds. Finally, it addresses the interventions planned under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), from Community Health Centers to the 116117 helpline, and the enhancement of the healthcare system's technological and digital infrastructure. In conclusion, the chapter briefly outlines the National Prevention Plan and the relaunch of the healthcare system.
L’elaborato analizza il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale italiano, con particolare attenzione all’evoluzione storica e all’attuale organizzazione, nonché alle rilevanti criticità che ne influenzano l’operatività. Nel primo capitolo viene rievocata la nascita del diritto alla salute, con un focus ai momenti di importanza primaria della storia del SSN: dalla sua istituzione mediante la legge 833/1978, alle riforme degli anni Novanta, alle sfide del XXI secolo. Sono oggetto di approfondimento i principi fondamentali, la struttura e il funzionamento a livello centrale e regionale, la funzione delle aziende sanitarie locali e ospedaliere, nonché il tema del finanziamento e della sostenibilità economica del SSN. Il secondo capitolo dedica l’attenzione alle criticità di spicco che il sistema è ad oggi chiamato a gestire, seguendo una sorta di percorso che il cittadino si trova a dover affrontare. Nello specifico, vengono esaminate le disuguaglianze regionali, le carenze di accesso ai servizi e nelle strutture di pronto soccorso e il tema dei piani di rientro e dei commissariamenti. Che esperienza di cura può avere un paziente qualora si trovasse dinanzi a un pronto soccorso affollato? O addirittura, quando il personale sanitario, sempre in quantità minore e soggetto a migrazione, non riesce ad erogare abbastanza prestazioni? Il capitolo spinge a riflettere su fenomeni vicini all’esperienza quotidiana di ciascuno di noi, comprende il tema delle lunghe liste d’attesa, della rinuncia alle cure e dei limiti legati alla digitalizzazione in campo sanitario, per poi concludersi un con breve cenno alla salute mentale. Il terzo capitolo cerca di dare un possibile risvolto alle criticità stilate finora, mediante strumenti e strategie che tentano di ridisegnare il SSN. Cosa prevede la legge sull'autonomia differenziata e quali possono essere le possibili conseguenze sul diritto alla salute? Il ricorso ai Medici Gettonisti ha davvero garantito una soluzione temporanea efficace? Viene poi lasciato spazio al tema della sanità integrativa e al ruolo effettivo dei fondi sanitari. Infine si dedica attenzione agli interventi programmati dal Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza, dalle Case di Comunità, al numero unico 116117, fino ad arrivare al potenziamento del sistema tecnologico e digitale in sanità. In conclusione, viene brevemente esposto il Piano Nazionale della Prevenzione e il rilancio del sistema sanitario.
Il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale: analisi degli aspetti critici e delle misure correttive
SPINELLO, MARIKA
2024/2025
Abstract
The paper analyzes the Italian National Health Service (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale - SSN), with particular attention to its historical evolution, current organization, and the significant challenges affecting its operations. The first chapter recalls the emergence of the right to health, focusing on key milestones in the history of the SSN: from its establishment through Law 833/1978, to the reforms of the 1990s, and the challenges of the 21st century. The chapter explores in depth the fundamental principles, the structure and functioning at both central and regional levels, the role of local health authorities and hospital trusts, as well as the issues of funding and the economic sustainability of the SSN. The second chapter focuses on the main critical issues the system currently faces, following a sort of path that a citizen might experience firsthand. Specifically, it examines regional disparities, barriers to access to services and emergency departments, and the issues related to financial recovery plans and external commissioners. What kind of care experience can a patient expect when faced with an overcrowded emergency room? Or when healthcare personnel—whose numbers are steadily decreasing and who are increasingly migrating—are unable to provide sufficient services? The chapter encourages reflection on phenomena closely tied to our daily lives, including long waiting lists, the renunciation of care, and the limitations of healthcare digitalization, concluding with a brief mention of mental health. The third chapter aims to offer potential responses to the previously outlined issues, through tools and strategies designed to reshape the SSN. What does the law on differentiated autonomy entail, and what could be its potential consequences for the right to health? Has the use of freelance contract doctors (Medici Gettonisti) truly provided an effective temporary solution? The chapter also explores supplementary healthcare and the actual role of health insurance funds. Finally, it addresses the interventions planned under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), from Community Health Centers to the 116117 helpline, and the enhancement of the healthcare system's technological and digital infrastructure. In conclusion, the chapter briefly outlines the National Prevention Plan and the relaunch of the healthcare system.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi Spinello Marika.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14247/26281